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Weight loss surgery options
The American Society for Bariatric Surgery describes two basic approaches that weight loss surgery takes to achieve change: - Restrictive procedures that decrease food intake.
- Malabsorptive procedures that alter digestion, thus causing the food to be poorly digested and incompletely absorbed so that it is eliminated in the stool.
Combined Restrictive & Malabsorptive Procedure - Gastric Bypass Roux-en-Y
In recent years, better clinical understanding of procedures combining
restrictive and malabsorptive approaches has increased the choices of effective
weight loss surgery for thousands of patients. By adding malabsorption, food is
delayed in mixing with bile and pancreatic juices that aid in the absorption of
nutrients. The result is an early sense of fullness, combined with a sense of
satisfaction that reduces the desire to eat.
 According
to the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and the National Institutes of
Health, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the current gold standard procedure for
weight loss surgery. It is one of the most frequently performed weight loss
procedures in the United States. In this procedure, stapling creates a small (15
to 20cc) stomach pouch. The remainder of the stomach is not removed, but is
completely stapled shut and divided from the stomach pouch. The outlet from this
newly formed pouch empties directly into the lower portion of the jejunum, thus
bypassing calorie absorption. This is done by dividing the small intestine just
beyond the duodenum for the purpose of bringing it up and constructing a
connection with the newly formed stomach pouch. The other end is connected into
the side of the Roux limb of the intestine creating the "Y" shape that gives the
technique its name. The length of either segment of the intestine can be
increased to produce lower or higher levels of malabsorption.
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Advantages
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The average excess weight loss after the Roux-en-Y
procedure is generally higher in a compliant patient than with purely
restrictive procedures.
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One year after surgery, weight loss can average 77% of
excess body weight.
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Studies show that after 10 to 14 years, 50-60% of excess
body weight loss has been maintained by some patients.
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A 2000 study of 500 patients showed that 96% of certain
associated health conditions studied (back pain, sleep apnea, high blood
pressure, diabetes and depression) were improved or resolved.
Risks
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Because the duodenum is bypassed, poor absorption of iron
and calcium can result in the lowering of total body iron and a predisposition
to iron deficiency anemia. This is a particular concern for patients who
experience chronic blood loss during excessive menstrual flow or bleeding
hemorrhoids. Women, already at risk for osteoporosis that can occur after
menopause, should be aware of the potential for heightened bone calcium loss.
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Bypassing the duodenum has caused metabolic bone disease in
some patients, resulting in bone pain, loss of height, humped back and
fractures of the ribs and hip bones. All of the deficiencies mentioned above,
however, can be managed through proper diet and vitamin supplements.
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A chronic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur.
The problem can usually be managed with Vitamin B12 pills or injections.
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A condition known as "dumping syndrome " can occur as the
result of rapid emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine. This is
sometimes triggered when too much sugar or large amounts of food are consumed.
While generally not considered to be a serious risk to your health, the
results can be extremely unpleasant and can include nausea, weakness, sweating,
faintness and, on occasion, diarrhea after eating. Some patients are unable to
eat any form of sweets after surgery.
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In some cases, the effectiveness of the procedure may be
reduced if the stomach pouch is stretched and/or if it is initially left
larger than 15-30cc.
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The bypassed portion of the stomach, duodenum and segments
of the small intestine cannot be easily visualized using X-ray or endoscopy if
problems such as ulcers, bleeding or malignancy should occur.
Restrictive operations
- Lap-Band surgery
The LAP-BAND Adjustable Gastric Banding System is the newest surgical
treatment for morbid obesity in the United States. It induces weight loss by
reducing the capacity of the stomach, thereby restricting the amount of food
that can be consumed at one time.
Like a wristwatch, the band is fastened around the upper stomach to create a
new, tiny stomach pouch. As a result, patients experience an earlier sensation
of fullness and are satisfied with smaller amounts of food. Since there is no
cutting, stapling, or stomach rerouting involved in the LAP-BAND System
procedure, it is considered the least traumatic of all weight loss surgeries.
The surgeon makes several tiny incisions and uses long, slender instruments to
implant the device. By avoiding the large incision of open surgery, patients
generally experience less pain and scarring. In addition, the hospital stay is
shortened to less than 24 hours, including overnight hospitalization. Patients
can typically resume normal activities within 1 week, which is quicker than with
other surgical alternatives.
The LAP-BAND System is an adjustable silicone band that connects to an access
port below the skin by thin, kink-resistant silicone tubing. The port allows the
surgeon to adjust the size of the band for a customized weight-loss rate for
each patient. By adding or removing saline to inflatable balloon on the inner
surface of the band, the amount and consumption rate of food can be controlled.
Adjustments to the band, which are performed during simple outpatient visits,
are determined by the patient?s weight loss, the amount of food that can be
comfortably eaten, the exercise regimen, and other issues surrounding the
patient?s health.
Because no permanent changes are made to the body?s physiology, the procedure
can essentially be reversed. If necessary, all of the system components can be
removed from the body with no damage to the digestive organs. The stomach will
generally return to its original form and capacity once the band is removed.
The effectiveness of the LAP-BAND System depends on the success of the
surgical procedure and the ability of the patient to change his or her diet and
eating behavior. Clinicians offering the LAP-BAND System treatment have
committed to being able to provide long-term care for their patients, including
dietary, behavior-modification, and counseling support. After surgery, LAP-BAND
System patients must maintain scheduled follow-up visits. Follow-up may require
four or more visits during the first year and include a review of the patient?s
progress and discussion of any concerns or problems that are pertinent at that
time. Patients are encouraged to eat a balanced diet and to avoid the
problematic eating patterns of their pre-surgery lifestyle. The restrictive
effect of the band produces feelings of early satiety and longer-lasting
fullness. This reinforces the patient?s ability to be content with smaller meals
when solid food is eaten and well chewed. At the appropriate time, patients are
encouraged to increase physical activity and exercise, which is very important
to weight loss, good health, and improved quality of life.
To date, more than 100,000 patients worldwide have undergone the LAP-BAND
System procedure. Since the Food and Drug Administration?s approval of the
LAP-BAND System in June 2001, interest in and use of the LAP-BAND System have
been rapidly growing in the U.S. In line with its FDA-approved guidelines for
indications, the LAP-BAND System is intended for people who are morbidly obese?those
who are at least 100 pounds overweight or who are at least twice their ideal
body weight. The term ?morbidly? connotes the fact that individuals who carry
this much excess weight face an increased risk of developing a number of serious
health conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular
disease, cancer, and osteoarthritis.
In February 2002, a report released by the United States Food and Drug
Administration Office of Device Evaluation named the LAP-BAND System as one of
the Significant Device Breakthroughs. The Office of Device Evaluation
highlighted the LAP-BAND System with several other new products as significant
medical breakthroughs ?as they are first of a kind, e.g., they use a new
technology or provide a major diagnostic or therapeutic advancement, such as
reducing hospital stays and replacing the need for surgical intervention.?
Gastric
Restrictive Procedure - Vertical Banded Gastroplasty
Vertical Banded Gastroplasty (VBG) is a purely restrictive procedure. In this
procedure the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically for about
2-1/2 inches (6 cm) to create a smaller stomach pouch. The outlet from the pouch
is restricted by a band or ring that slows the emptying of the food and thus
creates the feeling of fullness.
Advantages
-
 The
primary advantage of this restrictive procedure is that a reduced amount of
well-chewed food enters and passes through the digestive tract in the usual
order. That allows the nutrients and vitamins (as well as the calories) to be
fully absorbed into the body.
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After 10 years, studies show that patients can maintain 50%
of targeted excess weight loss.
Risks
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Postoperatively, stapling of the stomach carries with it
the risk of staple-line disruption that can result in leakage and/or serious
infection. This may require prolonged hospitalization with antibiotic
treatment and/or additional operations.
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Staple-line disruption may also, in the long-term, lead to
weight gain. For these reasons, some surgeons divide the staple-line wall of
the pouch from the rest of the stomach to reduce the risk of long-term
staple-line disruption.
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The band or ring applied may lead to complications of
obstruction or perforation, requiring surgical intervention.
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Characteristically, these procedures, while creating a
sense of fullness, do not provide the necessary feeling of satisfaction that
one has had "enough" to eat.
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Because restrictive procedures rely solely on a small
stomach pouch to reduce food intake, there is the risk of the pouch stretching
or of the restricting band or ring at the pouch outlet breaking or migrating,
thus allowing patients to eat too much.
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Around 40% of patients undergoing these procedures have
lost less than half their excess body weight.
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As is the case with all weight loss surgeries, readmission
to a hospital may be required for fluid replacement or nutritional support if
there is excessive vomiting and adequate food intake cannot be maintained.
Malabsorptive
Procedures - Biliopancreatic Diversion
While these operations also reduce the size of the stomach, the stomach pouch
created is much larger than with other procedures. The goal is to restrict the
amount of food consumed and alter the normal digestive process, but to a much
greater degree. The anatomy of the small intestine is changed to divert the bile
and pancreatic juices so they meet the ingested food closer to the middle or the
end of the small intestine.With the three approaches discussed below, absorption
of nutrients and calories is also reduced, but to a much greater degree than
with previously discussed procedures. Each of the three differs in how and when
the digestive juices (i.e., bile) come into contact with the food.
Since food bypasses the duodenum, all the risk considerations discussed in the
gastric bypass section regarding the malabsorption of some minerals and vitamins
also apply to these techniques, only to a greater degree.
Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)
 BPD
removes approximately 3/4 of the stomach to produce both restriction of food
intake and reduction of acid output. Leaving enough upper stomach is important
to maintain proper nutrition. The small intestine is then divided with one end
attached to the stomach pouch to create what is called an "alimentary limb." All
the food moves through this segment, however, not much is absorbed. The bile and
pancreatic juices move through the "biliopancreatic limb," which is connected to
the side of the intestine close to the end. This supplies digestive juices in
the section of the intestine now called the "common limb." The surgeon is able
to vary the length of the common limb to regulate the amount of absorption of
protein, fat and fat-soluble vitamins.
Extended (Distal) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGBP-E)
 RYGBP-E
is an alternative means of achieving malabsorption by creating a stapled or
divided small gastric pouch, leaving the remainder of stomach in place. A long
limb of the small intestine is attached to the stomach to divert the bile and
pancreatic juices. This procedure carries with it fewer operative risks by
avoiding removal of the lower 3/4 of the stomach. Gastric pouch size and the
length of the bypassed intestine determine the risks for ulcers, malnutrition
and other effects.
Biliopancreatic Diversion with "Duodenal Switch"
 This
procedure is a variation of BPD in which stomach removal is restricted to the
outer margin, leaving a sleeve of stomach with the pylorus and the beginning of
the duodenum at its end. The duodenum, the first portion of the small intestine,
is divided so that pancreatic and bile drainage is bypassed. The near end of the
"alimentary limb" is then attached to the beginning of the duodenum, while the "common
limb" is created in the same way as described above.
Advantages
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These operations often result in a high degree of patient
satisfaction because patients are able to eat larger meals than with a purely
restrictive or standard Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure.
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These procedures can produce the greatest excess weight
loss because they provide the highest levels of malabsorption.
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In one study of 125 patients, excess weight loss of 74% at
one year, 78% at two years, 81% at three years, 84% at four years, and 91% at
five years was achieved.
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Long-term maintenance of excess body weight loss can be
successful if the patient adapts and adheres to a straightforward dietary,
supplement, exercise and behavioral regimen.
Risks
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For all malabsorption procedures there is a period of
intestinal adaptation when bowel movements can be very liquid and frequent.
This condition may lessen over time, but may be a permanent lifelong
occurrence.
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Abdominal bloating and malodorous stool or gas may occur.
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Close lifelong monitoring for protein malnutrition, anemia
and bone disease is recommended. As well, lifelong vitamin supplementing is
required. It has been generally observed that if eating and vitamin supplement
instructions are not rigorously followed, at least 25% of patients will
develop problems that require treatment.
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Changes to the intestinal structure can result in the
increased risk of gallstone formation and the need for removal of the
gallbladder.
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Re-routing of bile, pancreatic and other digestive juices
beyond the stomach can cause intestinal irritation and ulcers.
Laparoscopic or Minimally Invasive Surgery
For the last decade, laparoscopic procedures have been used in a variety of
general surgeries. Many people mistakenly believe that these techniques are
still "experimental." In fact, laparoscopy has become the predominant technique
in some areas of surgery and has been used for weight loss surgery for several
years. Although few bariatric surgeons perform laparoscopic weight loss
surgeries, more are offering patients this less invasive surgical option
whenever possible.
When a laparoscopic operation is performed, a small video camera is inserted
into the abdomen. The surgeon views the procedure on a separate video monitor.
Most laparoscopic surgeons believe this gives them better visualization and
access to key anatomical structures.
 The
camera and surgical instruments are inserted through small incisions made in the
abdominal wall. This approach is considered less invasive because it replaces
the need for one long incision to open the abdomen. A recent study shows that
patients having had laparoscopic weight loss surgery experience less pain after
surgery resulting in easier breathing and lung function and higher overall
oxygen levels. Other realized benefits with laparoscopy have been fewer wound
complications such as infection or hernia, and patients returning more quickly
to pre-surgical levels of activity.
 Laparoscopic
procedures for weight loss surgery employ the same principles as their "open"
counterparts and produce similar excess weight loss. Not all patients are
candidates for this approach, just as all bariatric surgeons are not trained in
the advanced techniques required to perform this less invasive method. The
American Society for Bariatric Surgery recommends that laparoscopic weight loss
surgery should only be performed by surgeons who are experienced in both
laparoscopic and open bariatric procedures.  |
